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Founders, Evolution, and Key Milestones

Who Founded AI?

AI as a field of study does not have a single founder but was developed through the contributions of multiple scientists and mathematicians. However, some key figures who laid the foundation include:

• Alan Turing (1912-1954) – Proposed the concept of machine intelligence and the Turing Test in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence."
• John McCarthy (1927-2011) – Coined the term Artificial Intelligence (AI) in 1956 and organized the Dartmouth Conference, which officially marked the birth of AI as a field.
• Marvin Minsky (1927-2016) – Helped develop early AI research at MIT and created early neural network models.
• Claude Shannon (1916-2001) – Developed information theory, which was crucial for AI.
• Norbert Wiener (1894-1964) – Developed cybernetics, which influenced AI control systems.

When Was AI Founded?

AI as an official field of study was founded in 1956 at the Dartmouth Conference, organized by John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude Shannon. This event is considered the birth of AI as a scientific discipline.

How AI Evolved Over Time

AI has gone through different phases of advancements, from simple rule-based systems to powerful deep learning models.

1. 1950s – 1960s: Early AI and Symbolic AI

• 1956: AI is formally established at the Dartmouth Conference.
• 1957: Frank Rosenblatt creates the Perceptron, an early neural network.
• 1966: ELIZA, one of the first AI chatbots, is developed by Joseph Weizenbaum.
• AI research mainly focuses on symbolic logic and rule-based systems.

2. 1970s – 1980s: AI Winter & Expert Systems

• 1973: AI funding declines due to lack of real-world progress (first AI winter).
• 1980s: AI sees a revival with expert systems, like XCON (used in business).
• 1987: Another AI winter occurs as expert systems become too expensive and limited.

3. 1990s – 2000s: Machine Learning & Robotics

• 1997: IBM’s Deep Blue defeats world chess champion Garry Kasparov.
• 1999: AI is used in web search algorithms and recommendation systems (Google, Amazon).
• Machine Learning (ML) becomes popular as AI moves away from rule-based systems.

4. 2010s – Present: Deep Learning & Modern AI

• 2011: IBM Watson wins Jeopardy! using NLP and ML.
• 2012: Deep Learning breakthrough – AlexNet wins the ImageNet competition.
• 2015: Google’s DeepMind creates AlphaGo, which beats human champions in Go.
• 2020s: AI-powered Chatbots (GPT, Bard), self-driving cars, and automation become mainstream.

Conclusion

AI has evolved from basic symbolic logic to powerful deep learning and generative models. It continues to advance, impacting industries such as healthcare, finance, and marketing. Future AI developments will likely focus on AGI (Artificial General Intelligence), ethical AI, and human-AI collaboration.